![]() ![]() People disagree on which approach most accurately communicates the message of the Bible. As a result, there is disagreement about whether to translate as literally as possible, perhaps making it difficult to understand the intent of the writer, or to give a parallel idiom in the target language to preserve the meaning of the original passage. Moreover, translations made for particular branches of Christianity have been made to conform with the group's theology when other translations did not.Īll languages have idioms and concepts that challenge translation into other languages. Subsequent translations differed in the source used to make the translation: Greek, Latin, Hebrew, etc. These deuterocanonical books are called apocrypha by Protestants. Deuterocanonical books were part of early translations, are not found in the Hebrew Bible, but are accepted in a second canon by the Roman Catholics. For instance, the book of Revelation was not initially included in the canon, as well as other writings. On the whole, most versions of the Christian canon contain the same text, but there are some variations. About 400 C.E, a Latin translation was produced. The duplication of the first manuscripts by scribes introduced variations in the copies from the original. The New Testament books were written in Greek, although some of the text may have been translated from Hebrew or Aramaic originals. Other variations that have survived include the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea scrolls, and other ancient fragments. The process sometimes required the selection of an interpretation, since some words differed only in their vowels and their meaning could vary in accordance with the vowels chosen. From the 9th century to the 15th century, Jewish scholars added vowel points to the text, which previously contained only consonant letters. In the 3rd century B.C.E., a Greek translation was produced known as the Septuagint (after the approximately 70 persons translating). ![]() ![]() During the first Babylonian exile of the Jews in the 6th century B.C.E, some of the first translations began, producing non-literal translations or paraphrases known as targums, primarily in Aramaic, which was commonly spoken by the Jews at the time. The Tanakh (Jewish Bible) was written primarily in Biblical Hebrew. Writing down the story in text can be greatly influenced by the individual(s) chosen as source. When the initial story is related orally, details and implications can change from one person to the next. Translation from one language to another always runs a risk of changing the meaning or flavor of the original text. It is likely that writing evolved to record human interactions and environmental events when memory could no longer meet the demands of an increasingly complex society. The early writing from Mesopotamia and Egypt is related to trading that occurred among the civilizations in those areas. Peoples at those times wrote using symbols and hieroglyphs. Early forms of writing used wood, stones, pottery, and clay tablets, before paper was invented. They were discovered from locations of ancient civilizations in Egypt and the Indus Valley (covering the areas of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan). The earliest writing samples of religious texts date to between 3,400 and 3,500 BC. In most religions, the information was transmitted orally before it was written. Nevertheless, in almost all cases (if not all), adherents claim divine inspiration for their scripture and consider them sacred. The appearance of all religious texts occurred through a human agent. ![]()
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